{"id":8846,"date":"2021-05-13T11:18:37","date_gmt":"2021-05-13T15:18:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/?p=8846"},"modified":"2021-09-09T06:35:20","modified_gmt":"2021-09-09T10:35:20","slug":"episode-339-great-wall-of-china","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/?p=8846","title":{"rendered":"EPISODE 339    GREAT WALL OF CHINA"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">EPISODE 339 &nbsp; &nbsp;THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA &nbsp; circa 2013<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">alan skeoch<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">May 2021<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"FDCD3C91-E77E-4ADF-8C1A-C25CDEB5A625\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/bGGW3q4dQLGjdK8ypKeoSg_thumb_393bd.jpg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"DE470246-B25F-4A5C-9B09-FE4D2064BF7A\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393db.jpg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"356DFE90-ADEB-4471-9D5A-634820A70FFC\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393b7-1.jpg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cSo Kevin, what\u2019s up for today?\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cFirst, the hotel breakfast\u2026take what you want buffet\u2026including bacon and eggs and coffee.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cThen what?\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cWe will need all the energy we can muster. &nbsp;We will have to climb on ancient stone blocks<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">to get to the site and then we can walk for 13,000 miles \u201c<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cGet serious Kevin\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cWe are going to climb onto the GREAT WALL OF CHINA\u2026One of the great wonders<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">of the world. &nbsp;13,000 miles long with some gaps. &nbsp; We will climb onto the most famous<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">parts of the great wall.\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cMany people will be there I bet\u2026\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cLots of people but the wall is so big it just swallows the crowds\u2026you will be stunned by<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">the place. &nbsp; Up top it is as wide as a highway\u2026up and down high hills\u2026ramparts\u2026forts.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cWhy was it built?\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cGood question. &nbsp; The Wall was designed to stop barbarian invasions. &nbsp; It never really did that.\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cWhat year was it built?\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">-You mean what century\u2026the wall took hundreds of years to build. &nbsp;Began perhaps as far<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">back as the 5th century B.C\u2026some parts even earlier\u2026around 220 B.C. The Chinese emperor<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">at the time ordered his people to build the wall\u20263,500 miles constructed with primitive tools and<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">animals and thousands of people\u2026some say that over 400,000 workers died building<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">the Great Wall of China and many of their bodies are buried here and there under and inside<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">the wall.\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"A94B0D2C-F44E-45DD-A4A4-0069C0943D2D\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_39467-1.jpg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">Marjorie and I could hardly believe that we were actually going to walk sections of<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">the Great Wall of China. &nbsp; But we were there. &nbsp;First we wound our way up a steep<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">hill which was packed with little sales booth\u2026souvenirs, food, silk clothing\u2026everything<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">from soup to nuts. &nbsp; Then we had to climb up a rather chaotic stairway of large stepping<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">stones until we arrived on &nbsp;top of the wall.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">We were part of large crowd of tourists\u2026all nationalities included a whopping big<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">number of caucasians. &nbsp;Once on top of the wall the crowd seemed to disappear. &nbsp;Getting there<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">however we had to thread our way through a forest of arms, legs, elbows. On top the crowd just disappeared. &nbsp;As you will see.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">An interesting crowd. &nbsp;When they saw Marjorie\u2019s cane many offered help\u2026the cluster parted to let her through. &nbsp;Manners\u2026respect<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">for older people. &nbsp;Just a bit surprising. &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">HERE IT IS\u2026THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"521415B4-120B-433B-BC61-98B7EECC4552\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393ce.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"C99235BA-951D-41C1-865F-77B2062AB0D5\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393c3.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"A2711489-8370-49CF-8D97-F7BD04871C43\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393d6.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"FDCD3C91-E77E-4ADF-8C1A-C25CDEB5A625\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/bGGW3q4dQLGjdK8ypKeoSg_thumb_393bd.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"DE470246-B25F-4A5C-9B09-FE4D2064BF7A\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393db.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"816606D2-EAFA-4683-A076-9DD12CE92316\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393ee-1.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"011B3ED3-4C46-44D1-AE18-4ECAEEE9B27E\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393d8.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"356DFE90-ADEB-4471-9D5A-634820A70FFC\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393b7-1.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"F568DD80-F960-4F07-9AA8-4465D74131CE\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393d5.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"64220ACE-AE6F-432B-8DCD-7CEF4770FE68\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393ca.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"A3F45074-B986-45A6-AA33-586748DA7197\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393bf.jpg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">WHY THE CANE? &nbsp;Marjorie just had knee surgery\u2026titanium knees yet she was able to scale the wall. &nbsp;She had to do that. &nbsp;Feared<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">we would leave her behind sitting of a block of stone carved thousands of years ago. &nbsp; On top of the wall the walking was easy.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"DFF4F5DD-76BA-4DFE-BEFC-7FF512747400\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393dd.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"4D552486-8473-4886-80F8-C8654A45D4A9\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393d2.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"313B19FC-5949-4B9E-9A45-8AC210F54056\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393da.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"42384D03-8B92-4733-8C3E-2C020CDB61B3\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393cf.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"3B767632-1A99-4539-88B3-36E8B030FF09\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393d7.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"960892A1-6201-45C1-B3B6-A6295DE0BD39\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393cc.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"4A6719F7-0202-48FB-A1EF-BEF0D80DFE26\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393c1.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"B81ABE77-A9DB-4A6B-A2E7-E02C8CAE3733\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393df.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"BE7B125B-A86E-4097-ACCF-42FD0D8F0305\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393d4.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"5BF4968A-947C-4A9C-91DB-EDEE2E77A1C7\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393c9.jpg\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"12572CAA-C799-4770-8A8F-D9AAB6E1D0C2\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_393d1.jpg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\n<header class=\"m-detail-header mm-detail-header--in-content-well\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(24, 24, 24); color: rgb(24, 24, 24); font-family: open-sans, sans-serif; font-size: 19.200000762939453px;\">\n<div class=\"m-detail-header--container\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 700px;\">\n<div class=\"m-detail-header--content\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 700px;\">\n<dl style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;\" class=\"\">\n<dt class=\"m-detail-header--meta-item m-detail-header--updated-date-term m-detail-header--date\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; letter-spacing: 0.11rem; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 10px;\">UPDATED:<\/dt>\n<dd class=\"m-detail-header--updated-date-definition m-detail-header--date\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.11rem; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 10px;\"><phoenix-timeago style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\" class=\"\">NOV 5, 2019<\/phoenix-timeago><\/dd>\n<dt class=\"m-detail-header--meta-item m-detail-header--updated-date-term m-detail-header--date\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; letter-spacing: 0.11rem; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 10px;\">ORIGINAL:<\/dt>\n<dd class=\"m-detail-header--updated-date-definition m-detail-header--date\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.11rem; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 10px;\"><phoenix-timeago style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\" class=\"\">AUG 24, 2010<\/phoenix-timeago><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<h1 class=\"m-detail-header--title\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 43.2px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.1em; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;\">Great Wall of China<\/h1>\n<div class=\"m-detail-header--meta\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.11rem; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 30px;\">\n<dl style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;\" class=\"\">\n<dd class=\"m-detail-header--meta-item\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px;\"><a class=\"m-detail-header--meta-author\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/author\/history\" phx-track-id=\"Author Name\" rel=\"author\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(24, 24, 24); text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease;\">HISTORY.COM EDITORS<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<section class=\"mm-social--below-header m-social\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; display: table; clear: both; height: 50px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 700px; caret-color: rgb(24, 24, 24); color: rgb(24, 24, 24); font-family: open-sans, sans-serif; font-size: 19.200000762939453px; top: 0px !important; background-position: 0px 0px;\">\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\" class=\"\">\n<li class=\"m-social--facebook\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; float: left; height: 50px; overflow: hidden; width: 50px;\"><a class=\"m-social--button m-icon-button\" aria-label=\"facebook\" rel=\"noopener\" phx-track-id=\"Link facebook\" phoenix-adobe-tracker=\"{\"linkName\":\"Social Share\",\"trackId\":\"Facebook\",\"trackVars\":\"eVar13,eVar63,events\"}\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(66, 103, 178); transition: all 0.1s ease; border: none; display: flex; height: 50px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-indent: -999px; width: 50px; cursor: pointer; background-position: 0px 0px;\"><phoenix-icon-fallback class=\"m-svg m-icon-button--icon\" icon=\"ico_facebook\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; align-content: center; color: inherit; display: flex; height: 20px; justify-content: center; margin: auto; width: 20px; left: 25px; position: absolute; top: 25px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transition: all 0.25s;\"><svg><use xlink:href=\"\/assets-global\/icons\/svg-sprite.svg?v=2021-05-12-210253-4becf9e-020272#ico_facebook\"><\/use><\/svg><\/phoenix-icon-fallback><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"m-social--twitter\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; float: left; height: 50px; overflow: hidden; width: 50px;\"><a class=\"m-social--button m-icon-button\" aria-label=\"twitter\" rel=\"noopener\" phx-track-id=\"Link twitter\" phoenix-adobe-tracker=\"{\"linkName\":\"Social Share\",\"trackId\":\"Twitter\",\"trackVars\":\"eVar13,eVar63,events\"}\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(64, 153, 255); transition: all 0.1s ease; border: none; display: flex; height: 50px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-indent: -999px; width: 50px; cursor: pointer; background-position: 0px 0px;\"><phoenix-icon-fallback class=\"m-svg m-icon-button--icon\" icon=\"ico_twitter\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; align-content: center; color: inherit; display: flex; height: 20px; justify-content: center; margin: auto; width: 20px; left: 25px; position: absolute; top: 25px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transition: all 0.25s;\"><svg><use xlink:href=\"\/assets-global\/icons\/svg-sprite.svg?v=2021-05-12-210253-4becf9e-020272#ico_twitter\"><\/use><\/svg><\/phoenix-icon-fallback><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"m-social--pinterest\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; float: left; height: 50px; overflow: hidden; width: 50px;\"><a class=\"m-social--button m-icon-button\" aria-label=\"pinterest\" rel=\"noopener\" phx-track-id=\"Link pinterest\" phoenix-adobe-tracker=\"{\"linkName\":\"Social Share\",\"trackId\":\"Pinterest\",\"trackVars\":\"eVar13,eVar63,events\"}\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(203, 32, 39); transition: all 0.1s ease; border: none; display: flex; height: 50px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-indent: -999px; width: 50px; cursor: pointer; background-position: 0px 0px;\"><phoenix-icon-fallback class=\"m-svg m-icon-button--icon\" icon=\"ico_pinterest\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; align-content: center; color: inherit; display: flex; height: 20px; justify-content: center; margin: auto; width: 20px; left: 25px; position: absolute; top: 25px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transition: all 0.25s;\"><svg><use xlink:href=\"\/assets-global\/icons\/svg-sprite.svg?v=2021-05-12-210253-4becf9e-020272#ico_pinterest\"><\/use><\/svg><\/phoenix-icon-fallback><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"m-social--print\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; float: left; height: 50px; overflow: hidden; width: 50px;\"><a class=\"m-social--button m-icon-button\" aria-label=\"print\" role=\"button\" phx-track-id=\"Link print\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(122, 122, 122); transition: all 0.1s ease; border: none; display: flex; height: 50px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-indent: -999px; width: 50px; cursor: pointer; background-position: 0px 0px;\"><phoenix-icon-fallback class=\"m-svg m-icon-button--icon\" icon=\"ico_print\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; align-content: center; color: inherit; display: flex; height: 20px; justify-content: center; margin: auto; width: 20px; left: 25px; position: absolute; top: 25px; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transition: all 0.25s;\"><svg><use xlink:href=\"\/assets-global\/icons\/svg-sprite.svg?v=2021-05-12-210253-4becf9e-020272#ico_print\"><\/use><\/svg><\/phoenix-icon-fallback><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"m-detail--body\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; font-family: open-sans, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.05rem; line-height: 1.65em; caret-color: rgb(24, 24, 24); color: rgb(24, 24, 24);\">\n<aside class=\"m-toc l-wrap-left mm-toc--list-numbered\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 300px; position: relative; margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; clear: left; float: left; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); padding: 20px;\">\n<h2 class=\"m-toc--title\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: inherit; font-size: 32.4px; line-height: 1.21em; margin-top: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase;\">CONTENTS<\/h2>\n<ol class=\"m-toc--list\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; list-style-position: inside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">\n<li class=\"m-toc--item\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; display: flex; counter-increment: section 1;\"><a class=\"m-toc--link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/ancient-china\/great-wall-of-china#section_1\" phx-track-id=\"Table of Contents\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(232, 12, 48); transition: all 0.25s ease; line-height: 1.2; flex: 1 1 0%; text-shadow: none; background-position: 0px 0px;\">Qin Dynasty Construction&nbsp;<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"m-toc--item\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; display: flex; counter-increment: section 1;\"><a class=\"m-toc--link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/ancient-china\/great-wall-of-china#section_2\" phx-track-id=\"Table of Contents\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(232, 12, 48); transition: all 0.25s ease; line-height: 1.2; flex: 1 1 0%; text-shadow: none; background-position: 0px 0px;\">Great Wall of China Through the Centuries&nbsp;<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"m-toc--item\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; display: flex; counter-increment: section 1;\"><a class=\"m-toc--link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/ancient-china\/great-wall-of-china#section_3\" phx-track-id=\"Table of Contents\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(232, 12, 48); transition: all 0.25s ease; line-height: 1.2; flex: 1 1 0%; text-shadow: none; background-position: 0px 0px;\">Wall Building During the Ming Dynasty&nbsp;<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"m-toc--item\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; display: flex; counter-increment: section 1;\"><a class=\"m-toc--link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/ancient-china\/great-wall-of-china#section_4\" phx-track-id=\"Table of Contents\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(232, 12, 48); transition: all 0.25s ease; line-height: 1.2; flex: 1 1 0%; text-shadow: none; background-position: 0px 0px;\">Significance of the Great Wall of China&nbsp;<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/aside>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%;\" class=\"\">The Great Wall of China is an ancient series of walls and fortifications, totaling more than 13,000 miles in length, located in northern China. Perhaps the most recognizable symbol of China and its long and vivid history, the Great Wall was originally conceived by Emperor Qin Shi Huang in the third century B.C. as a means of preventing incursions from barbarian nomads. The best-known and best-preserved section of the Great Wall was built in the 14th through 17th centuries A.D., during the Ming dynasty. Though the Great Wall never effectively prevented invaders from entering China, it came to function as a powerful symbol of Chinese civilization\u2019s enduring strength.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"section_1\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: inherit; font-size: 32.4px; line-height: 1.21em; margin-top: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; max-width: 100%;\" class=\"\">Qin Dynasty Construction&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%;\" class=\"\">Though the beginning of the Great Wall of China can be traced to the fifth century B.C., many of the fortifications included in the wall date from hundreds of years earlier, when China was divided into a number of individual kingdoms during the so-called Warring States Period.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%;\" class=\"\">Around 220 B.C., Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a unified China under the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/qin-dynasty\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(232, 12, 48); transition: all 0.25s ease; line-height: 1.6em;\" class=\"\">Qin Dynasty<\/a>, ordered that earlier fortifications between states be removed and a number of existing walls along the northern border be joined into a single system that would extend for more than 10,000 li (a li is about one-third of a mile) and protect China against attacks from the north.<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%;\" class=\"\">Construction of the \u201cWan Li Chang Cheng,\u201d or 10,000-Li-Long Wall, was one of the most ambitious building projects ever undertaken by any civilization. The famous Chinese general Meng Tian initially directed the project, and was said to have used a massive army of soldiers, convicts and commoners as workers.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<aside class=\"m-in-content-ad-row l-inline not-size-a not-size-b\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; max-width: 100%; position: relative; clear: both; float: none; margin: 0px 0px 20px; -webkit-box-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-height: 250px; overflow: visible; text-align: center;\">\n<div class=\"m-in-content-ad is-loaded not-size-a not-size-b\" data-class-rules=\"[{\"sizes\":[\"728x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-728x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"0x0\"],\"classes\":[\"m-advertisement--fluid-card\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x90\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x90\"]},{\"sizes\":[\"970x250\"],\"classes\":[\"is-970x250\"]}]\" data-ad-group=\"in_content-0\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; min-height: 250px; overflow: visible;\">\n<div class=\"is-loaded not-size-a m-in-content-ad--slot not-size-b\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible;\">\n<div id=\"ad-52b65c87530041ba801deb789ab9c37d\" data-google-query-id=\"CIews9_cxfACFcnDwAodZ70G7A\" data-ad-size=\"300x250\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible;\" class=\"\">\n<div id=\"google_ads_iframe_\/88059007\/www.history.com\/topics\/ancient-china_3__container__\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; border: 0pt none; margin: auto; width: 300px; height: 250px;\" class=\"\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/98bdcf581a63bef3c3ad226ff21b6517.safeframe.googlesyndication.com\/safeframe\/1-0-38\/html\/container.html\" id=\"google_ads_iframe_\/88059007\/www.history.com\/topics\/ancient-china_3\" title=\"3rd party ad content\" name=\"\" scrolling=\"no\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" width=\"300\" height=\"250\" data-is-safeframe=\"true\" sandbox=\"allow-forms allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation\" data-google-container-id=\"4\" data-load-complete=\"true\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;\" class=\"\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%;\" class=\"\">Made mostly of earth and stone, the wall stretched from the China Sea port of Shanhaiguan over 3,000 miles west into Gansu province. In some strategic areas, sections of the wall overlapped for maximum security (including the Badaling stretch, north of Beijing, that was later restored during the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/ming-dynasty\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(232, 12, 48); transition: all 0.25s ease; line-height: 1.6em;\" class=\"\">Ming Dynasty<\/a>).&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%;\" class=\"\">From a base of 15 to 50 feet, the Great Wall rose some 15-30 feet high and was topped by ramparts 12 feet or higher; guard towers were distributed at intervals along it.<\/p>\n<aside tml-render-layout=\"inline\" class=\"m-pullquote l-inline\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: inherit; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.375em; color: rgb(232, 12, 48); max-width: 100%; position: relative; clear: both; float: none; margin: 0px 0px 20px;\">\n<div style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\" class=\"\">Did you know? When Emperor Qin Shi Huang ordered construction of the Great Wall around 221 B.C., the labor force that built the wall was made up largely of soldiers and convicts. It is said that as many as 400,000 people died during the wall&#8217;s construction; many of these workers were buried within the&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>EPISODE 339 &nbsp; &nbsp;THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA &nbsp; circa 2013 alan skeoch May 2021 \u201cSo Kevin, what\u2019s up for today?\u201d \u201cFirst, the hotel breakfast\u2026take what you want buffet\u2026including bacon and eggs and coffee. \u201cThen what?\u201d \u201cWe will need all the energy we can muster. &nbsp;We will have to climb on ancient stone blocks to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8846","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8846","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8846"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8846\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8846"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8846"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8846"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}