{"id":8676,"date":"2021-04-30T22:44:40","date_gmt":"2021-05-01T02:44:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/?p=8676"},"modified":"2021-04-30T22:49:14","modified_gmt":"2021-05-01T02:49:14","slug":"episode-327-jan-1-1993-the-day-czecholslovkia-disappeared-ceased-to-exist","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/?p=8676","title":{"rendered":"EPISODE 327     JAN. 1, 1993: THE DAY CZECHOLSLOVKIA DISAPPEARED&#8230;CEASED TO EXIST"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<div class=\"\">EPISODE 327 &nbsp; &nbsp;JANUARY 1, 1993: BREAK UP OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA INTO CZECH AND SLOVAK REPUBLICS<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">EPISODE 327 &nbsp; &nbsp;JAN. 1, 1993 &nbsp;THE YEAR CZECHOSLOVAKIA DISAPPEARED\u2026CEASED TO EXIST<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">alan skeoch<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">May 1, 2021<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"6858A13A-E837-4FEA-B7CB-89B83838FA6B\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_9eb1c.jpeg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">A STARTLING AND UNFORGETTABLE MARCH HOLIDAY WEEK\u2026.1993<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cMom and dad, why don\u2019t you fly over here on the March School break?\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cIs it safe?\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cPerfectly safe.\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cWe read that Czechoslovakia is splitting\u2026sounds like Civil War.\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cNo danger\u2026the split is not violent.\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cWhat will happen to you?\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cNothing, I will still be teaching English in Bratislava for $125 a month\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cAre you still sleeping the jail?\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cNo\u2026sharing an apartment in an Ex-Soviet building\u2026only difference beween Canada&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">and Slovakia that I see around here is that nobody smiles much..except the students\u2026they<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">smile a lot\u2026<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cNice kids?\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cSuper\u2026.How would you &nbsp;like to be guest teacher for a day in a Slovak High School?<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cLove to, Kevine&#8230;We are coming\u2026sounds exciting.\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cGood. &nbsp;I will rent a Skoda\u2026no one will know you are tourists.\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">(now that was a laugh\u2026Marjorie wore her bright pink coat\u2026No one else &nbsp;did.)<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">ON JANUARY 1, 1993 CZECHOSLOVAKIA SPLIT INTO TWO STATES\u2026THE CZECH AND SLOVAK<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">REPUBLICS. &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">Czechs and Slovaks did not really want to split &nbsp; There were tensions between the two<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">groups. &nbsp;Many Slovaks resented the Czech dominance and general affluence. &nbsp; But the<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">resentment was not the kind that would lead to civil war. &nbsp;Then why did the countries split?<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">That was what they asked each other. &nbsp;The answer in simplified form is that the two political<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">leaders \u2026 a Czech and a Slovak.arranged the split even though it seemed to be against the<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">national will.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">HOW DID OUR SON KEVIN BECOME AN ENGLISH TEACHER IN A SLOVAK HIGH SCHOOL?<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">He needed a job. &nbsp;Kevin had jus graduated as a Canadian high school teacher but there were<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">no jobs in Canada. &nbsp;At least he could not find a job. &nbsp;But I am not sure he looked very hard.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">He was ready to venture into the world. &nbsp;Wanted to do something different. &nbsp;Then he heard that<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">&nbsp;the American School (an international school) was hiring teachers for the Slovak school system.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">The wages were $125 a month\u2026between $4 and $5 a day. &nbsp;Money was not the incentive for Kevin.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">Adventure was what he wanted. &nbsp;Young and full of piss and vinegar as they say.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">Eastern Europe was in a bit of turmoil. &nbsp;The Berlin Wall had been pulled down. The Soviet<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">Union had collapsed. &nbsp;Many of the Soviet Republics were looking to the West\u2026to the United<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">States\u2026for leadership. &nbsp;The English language was seen as the key to fitting into the new<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">world order. &nbsp;<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">Kevin was an English teacher. &nbsp;Certified. &nbsp;What a wonderful chance to be part of<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">something bigger than himself. &nbsp;He applied for a job\u2026was accepted\u2026and took off almost<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">immediately for the new Slovak Republic which promised him free accommodation but did not&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">mention the room would be in a former jail. &nbsp; He travelled blind along with a bunch of American<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">newly certified teachers.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">Then in March 1993, Marjorie and I joined Kevin for a wonderful winter week in a<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">place we had never heard of\u2026the brand new Slovak Republic. &nbsp; Kevin picked us up<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">in Vienna and drove us to Bratislava. &nbsp;We passed a large Slovak nuclear Reactor &nbsp;that the<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">Austrians felt was in danger of melt down. &nbsp;That put a little extra tension into the visit.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"193B45B9-CB27-4F1E-BB62-EB48F4949E0A\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_9dbac.jpeg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">The Austrians feared this Slovak nuclear reactor was not safe. &nbsp;No provision for the&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">retention of radioactive water in a containment pool was one of the reasons\u2026I think.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">&nbsp;&nbsp;It was years later<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">that another Soviet reactor became world famous at a glance called Chernobbyl.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">WHAT WAS LIFE LIKE IN THE NEW SLOVAK REPUBLIC?<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">COMPLICATED. &nbsp;Best answer I can put forward. &nbsp;Life was &nbsp;grim for many. &nbsp;Some Slovaks were happy. &nbsp;Some Slovaks were unhappy. &nbsp;<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cBest not to smile when riding<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">the Busses, Dad. &nbsp;Most Slovaks are having a tough time right now. &nbsp;Not much to smile about. &nbsp;Many still believe<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">that Marxism could have provided a Worker\u2019s paradise. Problems happened when Joseph Stalin and Russian communism not took<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">hold of Eastern Europe. \u201c<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cSeems the bullets of World War II have pock-marked some of the buildings.\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cThat war \u20261939 to 1945 \u2026is still part of the Slovak consciousness.\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"96A8427F-1F06-4E1A-8213-DF3EC21EA68C\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_9eb0e.jpeg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">Why was this sign on this bridge in English? &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">We went to church on Sunday and could not help to see the huge ruin of a burned our synagogue next door to the Roman Catholic cathedral.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">That was chilling. &nbsp;I wondered why the ghostly hulk was left standing. &nbsp;Perhaps a symbol of the Soviet victory of Nazi fascism. &nbsp; But I am<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">not sure why? &nbsp; Then there was a bridge with a memorial place engraved in English\u2026also a reminder of World war II.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"9CEF0ECF-DC6C-4FF8-B635-5E7A2C20365A\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_9eb38.jpeg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">Behind this overgrown scrub forest was a burned out synagogue as seen below.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">A reminder of the anti semitic terror that swept through eastern Europe in the 1940\u2019s<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"237E7DC6-D3A2-40E0-8316-D3DC13C9B6D6\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_9eb39.jpeg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">TEACHING HISTORY IN A SLOVAK HIGH SCHOOL<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cWe have a guest &nbsp;today,\u201d announced the principal as we wedged ourselves into the packed classroom.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\u201cWelcome,\u201d &nbsp;And all the students\u2026senior students in Grade 12\u2026all of them immediately stood<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">up and welcomed Marjorie and me with bug smiles. That courtesy does not happen in Canada.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">I do not remember what I taught on that cold March morning in 1993. &nbsp;What I do remember, however, were the<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">warm smiles \u2026 the joy the students seemed to feel \u2026 the hope they shared, hope that the West would change&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">their world. &nbsp;The need to speak English.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">Take a look at their faces. &nbsp;They were 17 and 18 in 1993. &nbsp;Today they would &nbsp;be 45 and &nbsp;46 with teen age children of their<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">own. &nbsp;A really nice bunch of very typical high school students whose skills in English were very good. &nbsp;Hopefully they can still smile the way they did in 1993.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"8627A5BC-A4C1-4467-A639-61A2C3B307EF\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_9db85.jpeg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"5295C630-3618-4FDE-99F6-6DF3F4AF9979\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_9db8c.jpeg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"3362D254-7F32-49A0-A29A-C58C6F8FD7B5\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_9db88.jpeg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"8E461778-E755-4726-BCEB-168E25704B26\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_9db8d.jpeg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"90C55721-E54C-4AAF-9AC2-06BE18EA2074\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_9db86.jpeg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"AFBC2F72-CFAE-45AC-9DBF-5AB8FF1549E6\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_9db78.jpeg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">Elementary school students<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"E3FEA80E-931C-451C-A0F6-CC040D66C852\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_9db8a.jpeg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"6EF2E869-09CE-414E-BEBC-19F0797CA9F7\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_9db87.jpeg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"E6821CFA-306B-4472-86A2-6795B4940BE1\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_9db8b.jpeg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">AT the back of the room, left to right, Marjorie Skeoch, VP, Kevin Skeoch, School Principal<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"488C33BE-DDAE-4E18-A6F4-2EF58F315DDC\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_9db80.jpeg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">Principal of the Slovak High School in 1993<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">We had quite a few adventures in our week. &nbsp;Perhaps the most humourous was when<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">Marjorie got mugged by a group of five or six older women. &nbsp;Likely Roma. &nbsp;They surrounded her outside a Slovak coffee shop<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">where she lined up to go to a washroom. &nbsp; Public WC\u2019s were hard to find.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">wile Kevin and i were paying the bill. &nbsp;Suddenly, Kev, yelled. &nbsp;\u201cMom is getting robbed out there.\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">And sure enough the women were all around her in the line up which they used as cover. &nbsp;Pushing\u2026while looking<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">away\u2026.distracting Marjorie while one woman slipped her hand into Marjorie\u2019s purse and grabbed &nbsp;her wallet. &nbsp;Only it was not<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">her wallet. &nbsp;It was her glass case. &nbsp;The women took off as Kevin arrived hollering like a stuck pig. &nbsp;So the mugging turned into<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">an adventure where no one got hurt\u2026and five women were sharing an empty glass case. &nbsp;Another group of gypsy women<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">encircled me at the same time so Kev used back to save me. &nbsp;I was in no danger\u2026wallet tied down.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\">NEXT EPISODE ON SLOVAKIA WILL BE AMUSING IN PLACES\u2026STARTLING IN OTHERS.<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\n<div class=\"sticky-header\" aria-hidden=\"false\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; 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font-size: 0.9375rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px; font-weight: 600; display: inline-block;\" class=\"\">NEWS<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 15px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; overflow: hidden;\">\n<li class=\"menu-item current-post-ancestor menu-item-3532 current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/category\/news\/politics-international\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Politics &amp; International<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-3533 menu-item-object-category\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/category\/news\/business-economy\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Business &amp; Economy<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-3534 menu-item-object-category\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/category\/news\/culture-society\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Culture &amp; Society<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-551 menu-item-object-category\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/category\/news\/sports\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Sports<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-3536 menu-item-object-category\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 15px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/category\/magazine\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px; font-weight: 600; display: inline-block;\" class=\"\">MAGAZINE<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-10546 menu-item-object-category\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 15px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/category\/insight\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px; font-weight: 600; display: inline-block;\" class=\"\">INSIGHT<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-25 menu-item-object-category\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 15px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/category\/czech-republic\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px; font-weight: 600; display: inline-block;\" class=\"\">CZECH REPUBLIC<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-27 current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 15px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/category\/slovakia\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px; font-weight: 600; display: inline-block;\" class=\"\">SLOVAKIA<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-26 menu-item-object-category\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 15px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/category\/poland\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px; font-weight: 600; display: inline-block;\" class=\"\">POLAND<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item-28 menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 15px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/category\/hungary\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px; font-weight: 600; display: inline-block;\" class=\"\">HUNGARY<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item-object-page menu-item menu-item-137 menu-item-has-children menu-item-type-post_type\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 15px 0px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; position: relative; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/kafkawhat\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none !important; font-size: 0.9375rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px; font-weight: 600; display: inline-block;\" class=\"\">KAFKAWHAT?<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 15px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; overflow: hidden;\">\n<li class=\"menu-item-object-page menu-item menu-item-173 menu-item-type-post_type\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/contact-us\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Contact us<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item-object-page menu-item menu-item-12421 menu-item-has-children menu-item-type-post_type\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; position: relative; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/kafkawhat\/our-partners\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Our partners<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; overflow: hidden;\">\n<li class=\"menu-item-17316 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courrierdeuropecentrale.fr\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Le Courrier d\u2019Europe Centrale<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17319\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/eurocreative.fr\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Euro Cr\u00e9ative<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17320\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/okomagazine.com\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Oko! Magazine<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item-17321 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalslovakia.com\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Global Slovakia<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-17322 menu-item-object-custom\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/institutfrancais.sk\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">French Institute in Bratislava<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-17716 menu-item-object-custom\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jooble.org\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Jooble<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item-25113 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thelazywomen.com\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Lazy Women<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-25114 menu-item-object-custom\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/czechfilmreview.com\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Czech Film Review<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item-object-page menu-item menu-item-10558 menu-item-has-children menu-item-type-post_type\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; position: relative; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/our-contributors\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Our contributors<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none; overflow: hidden;\">\n<li class=\"menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-10565\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/tag\/abel-bede\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">\u00c1bel Bede<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-10561\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/tag\/zsofi-borsi\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Zsofi Borsi<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-13291\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/tag\/viktor-mak\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Viktor M\u00e1k<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-10559\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/tag\/piotr-narel\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Piotr Narel<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-10562\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/tag\/lorna-radtke\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Lorna Radtke<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-17330\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/tag\/brendan-oswald\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Brendan Oswald<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-10566\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/tag\/mark-szabo\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Mark Szabo<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-13575\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/tag\/edward-szekeres\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Edward Szekeres<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-17328\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/tag\/matej-voda\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Matej&nbsp;Voda<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-17325\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/tag\/avram-liebenau\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Avram Liebenau<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-10560\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-top-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-right-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-left-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; display: block;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/tag\/louise-ostermann-twardowski\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; letter-spacing: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.5; border-bottom-style: none !important;\" class=\"\">Louise Ostermann Twardowski<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"singlepost-wrap\" class=\"singlepost-wrap cf\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 109.8125px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; caret-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); color: rgb(26, 26, 26); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); height: auto !important;\">\n<div class=\"code-block-1 code-block\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 8px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both;\">\n<article id=\"post-1856\" class=\"category-slovakia hentry tag-history post-1856 status-publish tag-czechoslovakia tag-vaclav-klaus tag-velvet-revolution category-business-economy tag-slovakia category-czech-republic category-politics-international type-post format-standard tag-czech-republic post has-post-thumbnail\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative;\">\n<header class=\"entry-header cf\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 60px; padding: 45px 0px 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\">\n<div class=\"title-wrap\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\">\n<div class=\"entry-cats\" style=\"font-family: Vollkorn, serif; font-size: 0.75rem; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"04792D12-96A9-4C80-972D-225BF6151F55\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/UNADJUSTEDNONRAW_thumb_9e90c.jpeg\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"entry-cats\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><font face=\"Times\" class=\"\">Difficult challenge: &nbsp;See if you can find marjorie &nbsp;in this slovakian crowd.<\/font><\/div>\n<div class=\"entry-cats\" style=\"font-family: Vollkorn, serif; font-size: 0.75rem; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"entry-cats\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><font face=\"Times\" class=\"\">ALAN SKEOCH<\/font><\/div>\n<div class=\"entry-cats\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><font face=\"Times\" class=\"\">MAY 1, 2021<\/font><\/div>\n<div class=\"entry-cats\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><font face=\"Times\" class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/font><\/div>\n<div class=\"entry-cats\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><font face=\"Times\" class=\"\">POST SCRIPT: &nbsp;FOR ANYONE WISHING TO KNOW WHY CZECHOSLOVAKIA BROKE INTO TWO PIECES IN 1993<\/font><\/div>\n<div class=\"entry-cats\" style=\"font-family: Vollkorn, serif; font-size: 0.75rem; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"entry-cats\" style=\"font-family: Vollkorn, serif; font-size: 0.75rem; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/category\/news\/business-economy\/\" rel=\"category tag\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 2px 4px 0px; padding: 3px 5px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-color: rgb(181, 26, 4); display: inline-block;\" class=\"\">BUSINESS &amp; ECONOMY<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/category\/czech-republic\/\" rel=\"category tag\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 2px 4px 0px; padding: 3px 5px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-color: rgb(181, 26, 4); display: inline-block;\" class=\"\">CZECH REPUBLIC<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/category\/news\/politics-international\/\" rel=\"category tag\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 2px 4px 0px; padding: 3px 5px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-color: rgb(181, 26, 4); display: inline-block;\" class=\"\">POLITICS &amp; INTERNATIONAL<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/category\/slovakia\/\" rel=\"category tag\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 2px 4px 0px; padding: 3px 5px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; background-color: rgb(181, 26, 4); display: inline-block;\" class=\"\">SLOVAKIA<\/a><\/div>\n<h1 class=\"entry-title\" style=\"font-family: Vollkorn, serif; font-size: 3.625rem; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.03; position: relative;\">Why did Czechoslovakia break up?<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"entry-meta cf\" style=\"font-family: Vollkorn, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 15px 0px 0px; border-width: 3px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px; clear: both; line-height: 1.6;\">\n<div class=\"meta-columnone\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 320px; float: left;\">\n<div class=\"author-pic\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 50px; float: left; line-height: 0;\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7a32eefd3a852fade6c79e2a6afff1e6?s=100&amp;r=g\" class=\"avatar avatar-100 grav-hijack jetpack-lazy-image--handled photo grav-hashed jetpack-lazy-image\" height=\"100\" width=\"100\" loading=\"eager\" srcset=\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7a32eefd3a852fade6c79e2a6afff1e6?s=200&amp;r=g 2x\" id=\"grav-7a32eefd3a852fade6c79e2a6afff1e6-0\" data-lazy-loaded=\"1\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 100%; height: 50px; width: 50px; border-top-left-radius: 50px; border-top-right-radius: 50px; border-bottom-right-radius: 50px; border-bottom-left-radius: 50px;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"entry-author\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-weight: 600;\">BY&nbsp;<span class=\"vcard author\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"><a class=\"url n fn\" href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/author\/kafkadesks\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none;\">KAFKADESK<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"entry-date\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/2018\/10\/30\/why-did-czechoslovakia-break-up\/\" rel=\"bookmark\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none;\" class=\"\">30 OCTOBER 2018<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"meta-columntwo\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 200px; float: left;\">\n<div class=\"entry-comments-single\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"><span class=\"entry-comments\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/2018\/10\/30\/why-did-czechoslovakia-break-up\/#comments\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 22px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; position: relative; font-weight: 600;\" class=\"\">COMMENTS 22<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"meta-columnthree\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"contentwrap\" style=\"font-family: Vollkorn, serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1012.703125px; float: left;\">\n<div class=\"entry-thumbnail\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 53px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/2018\/10\/30\/why-did-czechoslovakia-break-up\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); text-decoration: none; position: relative; line-height: 0; display: block;\" class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-post-thumbnail wp-post-image jetpack-lazy-image size-post-thumbnail jetpack-lazy-image--handled\" alt=\"\" loading=\"eager\" data-attachment-id=\"1864\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/2018\/10\/30\/why-did-czechoslovakia-break-up\/velvetrevolutionwp-1024x512\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kafkadesk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/velvetrevolutionwp-1024x512-e1540806826707.jpg?fit=910%2C512&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"910,512\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\"}\" data-image-title=\"VelvetRevolutionWP-1024\u00d7512\" data-image-description=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kafkadesk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/velvetrevolutionwp-1024x512-e1540806826707.jpg?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kafkadesk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/velvetrevolutionwp-1024x512-e1540806826707.jpg?fit=910%2C512&amp;ssl=1\" data-lazy-loaded=\"1\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 100%;\" apple-inline=\"yes\" id=\"7C4440DB-E882-44ED-B741-E71E75FCE0FD\" src=\"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/velvetrevolutionwp-1024x512-e1540806826707.jpeg\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div id=\"socialicons-sticky\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative;\" class=\"\">\n<div id=\"entry-content\" class=\"entry-content\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: -8px 0px 0px 122px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\">\n<div class=\"addthis_tool at-above-post\" data-url=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/2018\/10\/30\/why-did-czechoslovakia-break-up\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\"><span class=\"uppercase\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px;\">PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC \u2013<\/span>&nbsp;Last Sunday marked the 100th anniversary of the foundation of Czechoslovakia\u2026 a country which ceased to exist a quarter of a century ago. Which begs the question: Why did Czechoslovakia actually break up?<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">On January 1, 1993, Czechoslovakia split into two independent states, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/category\/czech-republic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 26, 4);\" class=\"\">Czech Republic<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/category\/slovakia\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 26, 4);\" class=\"\">Slovakia<\/a>, in what is now known as the \u201cVelvet divorce\u201d (in a reference to the Velvet revolution) due to its peaceful and negotiated nature. Both countries divided their common \u201cgoods\u201d (embassies, military equipment, etc.) on a two-to-one ratio to reflect their populations. Although the dissolution didn\u2019t lead to any unrest or bloodshed, the new frontiers did create a few odd situations, like splitting border-towns in half.<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">The split \u201cwas not entirely inevitable, but the political and economic costs of keeping the country together would have been extremely high\u201d, pointed out Jiri Pehe, political analyst and former advisor to Vaclav Havel.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 9px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.625rem; vertical-align: baseline; font-weight: normal; -webkit-hyphens: auto; font-family: Kanit, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">The division of Czechoslovakia: an undemocratic decision?<\/h2>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">A widespread narrative argues that the divorce was a purely political move decided behind closed-doors by Czech and Slovak leaders Vaclav Klaus and Vladimir Meciar against the will of the population. There is some truth in that: all the opinion polls at that time showed that a vast majority of Czechs and Slovaks was in favour of the preservation of Czechoslovakia and against the country\u2019s break-up.<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">In its January 1, 1993 edition, the&nbsp;<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: italic;\" class=\"\">New York Times<\/span>&nbsp;wrote: \u201cA multi-ethnic nation born at the end of World War I in the glow of pan-Slavic brotherhood, Czechoslovakia survived dismemberment by the Nazis and more than four decades of Communist rule only to fall apart after just three years of democracy\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">Although no referendum was ever held on the matter, democracy was indeed at the heart of the issue: all the problems associated with the federation of two states of unequal weight and size only appeared after the centralized, communist regime collapsed as Czechoslovakia reconnected with democracy. The decision-making paralysis and the federal government\u2019s inability to push any significant reforms in the early 1990\u2019s strongly contributed to the top-down decision of Klaus and Meciar.<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">Yet, the truth is slightly more complicated. Although most Czechs and Slovaks wanted to preserve Czechoslovakia, both sides yearned for a reformed, mutually incompatible version, founded on deeply-rooted historical grievances and frustrations. And while Slovak nationalism sentiment strived for more autonomy, Czech nationalism embraced Czechoslovakism, mainly due to their privileged position within the federation.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 9px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.625rem; vertical-align: baseline; font-weight: normal; -webkit-hyphens: auto; font-family: Kanit, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">The \u201carrogant\u201d Czechs<\/h2>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">Slovaks didn\u2019t completely adhere to the concept of Czechoslovakism, which they often saw as a patronizing and paternalist Czech policy ever since the foundation of the First Republic in 1918. \u201cThe majority of people in Slovakia really considered Czechoslovakia as their genuine home\u201d, Juraj Marusiak from the Slovak Academy of Sciences pointed out.<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">But they wanted more autonomy, more control on their own decision-making and were weary of feeling that their fate was decided by bureaucrats in Prague (the federal capital) who looked down upon the less-developed Slovak \u201clittle brothers\u201d. \u201cSome Slovak demands \u2013 for example the modification in the name of the country \u2013 were ridiculed by the Czech media and understood as petty of Czech politicians, who did not appreciate the symbolism of such steps for the Slovaks\u201d, Jiri Pehe highlighted.<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">Despite having largely benefited from economic assistance from the Czech side during their common life, \u201cresentment of what some Slovaks saw as a distant, arrogant federal government in Prague, was skillfully fanned by Mr. Meciar, a former Communist who saw the reviving Slovak nationalism as his ticket to power\u201d, wrote&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 26, 4);\" class=\"\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: italic;\" class=\"\">The New York Times<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 9px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.625rem; vertical-align: baseline; font-weight: normal; -webkit-hyphens: auto; font-family: Kanit, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">The \u201cungrateful\u201d Slovaks<\/h2>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">Czechs, on the other hand, felt like they were paying out of their own pockets for the economic and regional development of the poorer (and seemingly ungrateful) neighbor. Although Slovak GDP per capita had already reached roughly three-quarters of the Czech figure in 1992, \u201cthe animus created on the Czech side by these payments (\u2026) was exploitable by ambitious politicians\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">First and foremost, Vaclav Klaus, a liberal economist who wanted to bring the Czech Republic at the forefront of Europe\u2019s liberal economic transformation and needed centralized power to launch sweeping and radical reforms. This explains why Klaus was not so keen on granting more autonomy to Slovakia and appeared, therefore, more than willing to get rid of the Slovak \u201cburden\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">Moreover, many Czechs saw as a betrayal the fact that, in 1939, Slovakia formed its own autonomous state which, despite being a puppet regime of Nazi Germany, was separate from the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, under direct Nazi occupation. On the other hand, this experience of statehood empowered part of the Slovak elite, which perceived the restoration of Czechoslovakia after the war as a \u201cre-provincialization\u201d of the country.<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">Similarly, many Czechs believed that their punishment and suffering were much greater than what the Slovak side experienced after the 1968 invasion \u2013 Gustav Husak, first secretary of the Communist party of Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakia\u2019s President and architect of the \u201cnormalization era\u201d, came from Slovakia.&nbsp;<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\" class=\"\">czechoslovakia break up<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 9px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.625rem; vertical-align: baseline; font-weight: normal; -webkit-hyphens: auto; font-family: Kanit, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">The aftermath of the break-up of Czechoslovakia<\/h2>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">After the split, both countries went their own way: \u201cIn the aftermath, M. Klaus pursued the rapid privatisations that made the Czech Republic an economic star of central Europe, but also created public resentment, as ex-communist insiders and foreign multinationals benefited disproportionately from the process\u201d, wrote&nbsp;<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: italic;\" class=\"\">The Economist<\/span>. \u201cM. Meciar, meanwhile, tightened his grip and ruled as a semi-authoritarian strongman, slowing the progress of his country\u2019s accession to the European Union and briefly making it a regional pariah, until he was democratically displaced in 1998\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">The demographics also significantly changed: while the Czech Republic became an ethnically homogeneous country, Slovakia was still home to a strong Hungarian minority (nearly 600.000) and Roma community (between 300.000 and 500.000).<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">The \u201cVelvet divorce\u201d has often been conjured to tackle contemporary separatist movements throughout Europe (Catalonia, Scotland, Brexit, etc.). \u201cPolicymakers wondering how a euro zone disintegration would play out could do worse than study one monetary union collapse that went well: the split of the Czech-Slovak currency union\u201d in February 1993, even wrote&nbsp;<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: italic;\" class=\"\">Reuters<\/span>.&nbsp;<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\" class=\"\">czechoslovakia break up<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 9px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.625rem; vertical-align: baseline; font-weight: normal; -webkit-hyphens: auto; font-family: Kanit, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2;\" class=\"\">Czech Republic and Slovakia go their separate ways: what\u2019s the situation today?<\/h2>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">Despite their break-up, the Czech Republic and Slovakia remain more closely linked than any other two countries in Europe. Although the dissolution was experienced as a defeat and a failure for many people, no one is seriously pleading for reunification. We should also point out that Czechs and Slovaks were separated throughout most of their history: their Czechoslovak \u201cjoint-venture\u201d appears more as an exception than the rule. Even within the Habsburg Empire, Czechs were under the rule of Vienna, while Slovaks were governed from Hungary.<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">Their relationship to their common past remains highly asymmetrical and strained by long-running prejudices on both sides. While the aforementioned grievances have something to do with it, more current grievances (like the fact that the Czech Republic cunningly&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/2018\/09\/10\/where-does-the-czech-flag-come-from\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 26, 4);\" class=\"\">stole<\/a>&nbsp;Czechoslovakia\u2019s flag after the break-up) also play a role in the enduring stigmas on each side of the border.<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">Last week-end\u2019s celebrations proved it well. While the Czech Republic celebrated the centenary of the foundation of Czechoslovakia in style and with great pomp, no event of such magnitude was held in Slovakia. October 28 is one of the major Czech public holidays to celebrate the independence and statehood\u2026 of a country that no longer exists.<\/p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 1.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6; text-align: justify;\" class=\"\">In Slovakia, it\u2019s only qualified as a \u201cmemorial day\u201d. However, to mark the centenary, the country instead&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/2018\/09\/16\/slovakia-approves-one-off-public-holiday-to-celebrate-foundation-of-czechoslovakia\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(181, 26, 4);\" class=\"\">decided to implement<\/a>&nbsp;a one-off public holiday on October 30 this year. January 1, meanwhile, despite being the official \u201cindependence\u201d day for both states, fails to have any real significance today: partly because neither Slovakia nor the Czech Republic want to \u201ccelebrate\u201d the 1993 dissolution, and partly because it\u2019s overshadowed by New Year\u2019s Day.<\/p>\n<div class=\"addthis_tool at-below-post\" data-url=\"https:\/\/kafkadesk.org\/2018\/10\/30\/why-did-czechoslovakia-break-up\/\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"\"><br class=\"\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>EPISODE 327 &nbsp; &nbsp;JANUARY 1, 1993: BREAK UP OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA INTO CZECH AND SLOVAK REPUBLICS EPISODE 327 &nbsp; &nbsp;JAN. 1, 1993 &nbsp;THE YEAR CZECHOSLOVAKIA DISAPPEARED\u2026CEASED TO EXIST alan skeoch May 1, 2021 A STARTLING AND UNFORGETTABLE MARCH HOLIDAY WEEK\u2026.1993 \u201cMom and dad, why don\u2019t you fly over here on the March School break?\u201d \u201cIs it [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8676","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8676"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8676\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8676"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8676"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alanskeoch.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8676"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}